PMC

A–E, OFC activity correlates of lever pressing and outcome delivery. A, Representative image of fixed micro-array implant over the orbitofrontal cortex. Implant locations segmented by air and CIE groups. A subset of micro-arrays was dyed with a 25 mg/ml Dil solution in 200 proof ethanol for placement verification. B, Average firing rates from all captured units during a baseline period (−5 to −2 s before lever press onset) for air and CIE cohorts. C, Proportion of all captured units in which firing rates significantly deviated from a baseline period (−5 to −2 s before lever press onset) for air (∼54%) and CIE (∼66%) groups. D, Percentage of units that significantly increased or decreased their firing rates from baseline in relation to lever press onset, offset, and food pellet reward delivery. E, Percentage of units that significantly changed their firing rates from baseline in relation to discrete task events (lever press onset: air: ∼18%, CIE: ∼15%; lever press offset: air: ∼13%, CIE: ∼16%; reward delivery: air: ∼11%, CIE: ∼7%) as well as multiple task components (lever press onset and offset: air: ∼20%, CIE: ∼24%; lever press onset and reward delivery: air: ∼6%, CIE: ∼7%; lever press offset and reward delivery: air: ∼12%, CIE: ∼7%; lever press onset, offset, and reward delivery: ∼18%, CIE: ∼23%).

Virtual Piano trainer. A. CyberGrasp haptic device worn over a CyberGlove instrumented glove. B. Depiction of Virtual Key Press C. Piano Trainer Simulation; hands shown in a first person perspective.

Proof of concept using pure cultures. (A) Separation of the motile strain P. putida KT2440 GFP (green) and the nonmotile strain P. putida KT2440 DsRed ΔfliM (red) on agar plates pressed onto the ceramic disc as pictured with multiple fields of epifluorescence microscopy. The nonmotile strain was only detected on the full plate press (red arrow), while the motile strain was detected on all of the pressed plates, including the one that captures the zone most distant from the inoculation point (green arrow). (B) Dispersal assessed with a camera without fluorescence detection, which is the method used for environmental communities. Contrast has been digitally enhanced. The plates were pressed after 40 h of dispersal at −0.5 kPa.

Improvements in Accuracy and Task Duration. Percent change in the time required to achieve successful key press (Duration, upper panel) and number of correct key presses (Accuracy, lower panel) are shown for each of the four subjects from the feasibility study following unilateral and bilateral piano training.